| Preface |
13 |
| I INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS |
|
| 1. Scope, Method and Purpose of the Inquiry |
15 |
| 2. A First Look Around |
18 |
| II ABSOLUTE IDEALISM |
|
| 3. Idealism in the English-speaking Countries |
23 |
| 4. British Neo-Hegelianism (E. Caird, H. Jones) |
25 |
| 5. British Absolutism and Suprarationalism (F. H. Bradley, B. Bosanquet, C. A. Campbell) |
28 |
| 6. American Absolute Idealism (J. Royce) |
35 |
| 7. Absolute Idealism in Theological and Religious Writers (J. R. Illingworth, R. J. Campbell, R. W. Trine) |
38 |
| 8. Summary and Criticism of Absolute Idealism |
42 |
| III PERSONAL IDEALISM |
|
| 9. The Status of Persons |
45 |
| 10. Moderate Personal Idealism (A. S. Pringle-Pattison, W. E. |
|
| Hocking) |
46 |
| 11. Pluralistic Personal Idealism (G. H. Howison, J. M. E. McTaggart) |
49 |
| 12. Personal Idealism in Theology (H. Rashdall, C. C. J. Webb) |
53 |
| 13. Summary and Criticism of Personal Idealism |
56 |
| IV PHILOSOPHIES OF SPIRIT |
|
| 14. Reality as Spiritual |
58 |
| 15. Continental Philosophies of Spirit (R. Eucken, B. Varisco, E. Boutroux) |
60 |
| 16. Anglo-American Philosophies of Spirit (J.Ward, B. P. Bowne, E. S. Brightman) |
63 |
| 17. The Ethical Approach to Theism (W. R. Sorley, A. E. Taylor, W. G. de Burgh) |
68 |
| 18. Ethical Theism and Theology (F. R. Tennant) |
71 |
| 19. Assessment of Philosophies of Spirit |
73 |
| V THE IDEA OF VALUE IN PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY |
|
| 20. Neo-Kantianism and Ritschlianism |
75 |
| 21. Some Neo-Kantian Philosophers (W. Windelband, H. Cohen,H. Vaihinger, H. Haffding) |
77 |
| 22. Some Ritschlian Theologians (W. Herrmann, T. Haering, J. Kaftan, A. Harnack) |
84 |
| 23. Ritschlianism in the United States (H. C. King) |
89 |
| 24. Critical Remarks on Neo-Kantianism and Ritschlianism |
91 |
| VI POSITIVISM AND NATURALISM |
|
| 25. The Claims of Natural Science |
95 |
| 26. Scientific Positivism (E. Mach, K. Pearson) |
97 |
| 27. Evolutionary Naturalism (E. Haeckel) |
100 |
| 28. Anthropology and Religion (E. B. Tylor, J. G. Frazer, S.Reinach) |
101 |
| 29. Psychology and Religion (J. H. Leuba, S. Freud, C. G. Jung) |
105 |
| 30. Criticism of Naturalistic Interpretations of Religion |
111 |
| VII SOME COMMENTS BY THE WAY |
|
| 31. From the First to the Second Phase |
116 |
| 32. Some Characteristics of the Second Phase |
118 |
| VIII PHILOSOPHIES OF HISTORY AND CULTURE |
|
| 33. Man as the Theme of Philosophy |
121 |
| 34. Some German Philosophers of History and Culture (W. Dilthey, O. Spengler, E. Cassirer) |
122 |
| 35. Italian Historical Idealism (B. Croce, G. Gentile) |
127 |
| 36. English-speaking Philosophers of History and Culture (R. G. Collingwood, A. J. Toynbee, W. M. Urban, C. Dawson) |
131 |
| 37. Summary of Historical and Cultural Interpretations of Religion |
136 |
| IX CHRISTIANITY, HISTORY AND CULTURE |
|
| 38. History and Theology |
139 |
| 39. The Historical Interpretation of Christianity (O. Pfleiderer, E. Troeltsch) |
140 |
| 40. Problems about the Jesus of History (J. Weiss, A. Schweitzer, A. Drews) |
144 |
| 41. Some Independent Thinkers on Theology, History and Culture (W. R. Inge, F. von Hügel, F. Heiler) |
148 |
| 42. Remarks on the Historical and Cultural Approaches to Religion |
152 |
| X SOCIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF RELIGION |
|
| 43. Religion and Society |
155 |
| 44. The Social Origins of Religion (E. Durkheim) |
156 |
| 45. Religion and Capitalism (M. Weber) |
158 |
| 46. Religion and Communism (4. Kalthoff, K. Kautsky, V. I. Lenin) |
159 |
| 47. The Social Gospel in America (W. Gladden, W. Rauschen busch, S. Mathews) |
162 |
| 48. Critical Remarks on the Sociological Interpretations of Religion |
166 |
| XI PRAGMATISM AND ALLIED VIEWS |
|
| 49. Thought and Action |
169 |
| 50. Vitalism (H. Bergson) |
170 |
| 51. Activism (M. Blondel) |
173 |
| 52. Pragmatism (C. S. Peirce, W. James, J. Dewey) |
175 |
| 53. Catholic Modernism (A. F. Loisy, L. Laberthonnière, E. Le Roy, G. Tyrrell) |
181 |
| 54. Protestant Empirical Modernism (H. N. Wieman, H. E. Fosdick) |
186 |
| 55. Critical Remarks on the Pragmatic View of Religion |
189 |
| XII PHILOSOPHIES OF PERSONAL BEING |
|
| 56. Precursors of Existentialism |
193 |
| 57. The Life of Dialogue (M. Buber, K. Heim) |
195 |
| 58. Two Spanish Activists (M. de Unamuno, J. Ortega y Gasset) |
199 |
| 59. The Russian Tradition (N. Berdyaev, S. Bulgakov) |
202 |
| 60. The Form of the Personal (J. Macmurray) |
206 |
| 61. Remarks on the Philosophers of Personal Being |
207 |
| XIII THE RELIGIOUS CONSCIOUSNESS AND PHENOMEN OLOGY |
|
| 62. The Exploration of the Religious Consciousness |
210 |
| 63. The Primitive Religious Consciousness (R. R. Marett) |
211 |
| 64. The Experience of the Holy (R. Otto, J. W. Oman) |
213 |
| 65. The Method of Phenomenology (E. Husserl) |
218 |
| 66. The Phenomenological Investigation of Religion (M. Scheler, G. van der Leeuw, M. Eliade) |
220 |
| 67. Remarks on the Descriptive Approach to Religion |
223 |
| XIV THE NEW REALISM |
|
| 68. The Revolt against Idealism |
226 |
| 69. Continental Realism (F. Brentano) |
227 |
| 70. Realism in England (G. E. Moore, B. A. W. Russell, C. D. Broad, H. H. Price) |
228 |
| 71. Realism in America (R. B. Perry, G. Santayana) |
235 |
| 72. Remarks on the New Realism |
238 |
| XV THE NEW PHYSICS, PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY |
|
| 73. The Changing Scientific Picture |
240 |
| 74. Some Physicists' Views on Philosophy and Religion (M. Planck, A. Einstein, W. K. Heisenberg, A. S. Eddington) |
243 |
| 75. The New Physics and Christian Apologetics (B. H. Streeter, E. W. Barnes) |
248 |
| 76. Remarks on the New Scientific Theories and Religion |
250 |
| XVI MORE COMMENTS BY THE WAY |
|
| 77. From the Second to the Third Phase |
252 |
| 78. Some Characteristics of the Third Phase |
253 |
| XVII REALIST METAPHYSICS AND THEOLOGY |
|
| 79. Metaphysics on a Realist Basis |
258 |
| 80. Realist Metaphysics in the English-speaking Countries (C. L. Morgan, S. Alexander, A. N. Whitehead, C. E. M. Joad) |
259 |
| 81. Realist Metaphysics in Germany (N. Hartmann) |
267 |
| 82. Realist Metaphysics in Theological and Religious Writers (W. Temple, L. S. Thornton, P. Teilhard de Chardin) |
269 |
| 83. Realism, Theism and Christianity (C. Hartshorne, A. C. Garnett) |
273 |
| 84. Remarks on the Realist Philosophies and Theologies |
275 |
| XVIII NEO-THOMISM AND ROMAN CATHOLIC THEOLOGY |
|
| 85. The Revival of Scholastic Studies |
278 |
| 86. Some Pioneers of Neo-Thomism (D. J. Mercier, M. de Wulf, P. Coffey) |
280 |
| 87. The Flowering of Neo-Thomism (J. Maritain, E. Gilson, F. C. Copleston, A. M. Farrer) |
283 |
| 88. Some Roman Catholic Theologians (K. Adam, K. Rahner, H. U. von Balthasar, E. Pryzuara, J. Danielou, F. J. Sheen) |
290 |
| 89. Remarks on Neo-Thomism and Roman Catholic Theology |
299 |
| XIX LOGICAL EMPIRICISM |
|
| 90. Philosophy as Analysis |
301 |
| 91. The Limits and Functions of Language (L. Wittgenstein) |
303 |
| 92. The Language of Science as a Norm (R. Carnap, H. Reichenbach, K. R. Popper, A. J. Ayer) |
305 |
| 93. Functional Analysis of Language and Empiricist Views of Religious Belief (G. Ryle, R. B. Braithwaite, J. Wisdom) |
310 |
| 94. Critical Remarks on the Ideas of Religion in Logical Empiricism |
315 |
| XX THE THEOLOGY OF THE WORD |
|
| 95. The Distinctiveness of Christianity |
318 |
| 96. The Theology of the Word in Switzerland (K. Barth, E.Brunner, O. Cullmann) |
321 |
| 97. Two Swedish Theologians (G. Aulén, A. Nygren) |
328 |
| 98. A German Theologian (D. Bonhoeffer) |
330 |
| 99. Critical Remarks on the Theology of the Word |
332 |
| XXI POST-LIBERAL THEOLOGY IN THE ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES |
|
| 100. The Impact of the Theological Revolution on Britain and America |
339 |
| 101. Post-liberal Theology in Britain (J. Baillie, D. M. Baillie, H. H. Farmer) |
340 |
| 102. Post-liberal Theology in the United States (Reinhold Niebuhr, H. R. Niebuhr) |
344 |
| 103. Remarks on the Post-liberal English-speaking Theologians |
349 |
| XXII EXISTENTIALISM AND ONTOLOGY |
|
| 104. Human Existence and Its Problems |
351 |
| 105. Existentialism in Germany (M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers) |
353 |
| 106. Existentialism in France (J.-P. Sartre, G. Marcel, L. Lavelle) |
358 |
| 107. Existentialism and Theology (R. Bultmann, F. Gogarten,F. Buri, P. Tillich) |
362 |
| 108. Remarks on Existentialist Philosophies and Theologies |
369 |
| XXIII CONCLUDING COMMENTS |
|
| 109. Some Findings and Suggestions |
371 |
| 110. Future Outlook |
375 |
| XXIV POSTSCRIPT: 1960-1970 |
|
| 111. A Watershed? |
337 |
| 112. Continental Protestant Theology, 1960-70 |
379 |
| 113. Anglo-Saxon Theology, 1960-70 |
385 |
| 114. Roman Catholic Thought, 1960-70 |
391 |
| 115. Some Comments on the Decade |
393 |
| Index |
395 |
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