| Translators' note |
XI |
| Editions used |
XIII |
| Abbreviations |
XIII |
| Part One |
|
| ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE CITY OF JERUSALEM |
|
| |
|
| I. Industries |
3 |
| A The industries of Jerusalem |
4 |
| 1. Industries which served the general public |
4 |
| A Goods for domestic use |
4 |
| B Food trades |
6 |
| G Luxury goods |
8 |
| D The building trade |
10 |
| i. Building activity |
10 |
| ii. The building workers |
14 |
| (a) Ordinary building |
14 |
| (/3) Skilled craftsmanship in building |
15 |
| (y) Building maintenance |
16 |
| E Other trades |
17 |
| 2. Guilds within individual industries |
18 |
| A The layout of the city |
18 |
| B The distribution of industries in the city |
19 |
| G The organizatio trades |
21 |
| 3. Industries connected with the Temple |
21 |
| A The buildings |
21 |
| B The cultus |
25 |
| c Organization of Temple workers |
26 |
| B The individuality of Jerusalem |
27 |
| 1. The position of the city |
27 |
| 2. The political and religious significance of the city |
27 |
| II Commerce |
31 |
| A Evidence of commerce in Jerusalem |
31 |
| I. In general |
31 |
| 2. Foreign trade |
35 |
| 3. Local trade |
38 |
| A Grain |
39 |
| B Fruit and vegetables |
41 |
| c Livestock |
46 |
| D Raw materials |
49 |
| B The influence of Jerusalem on commerce |
51 |
| 1. The city’s geographical position |
51 |
| 2. Political and religious importance of the city |
54 |
| Foreign Visitors |
58 |
| A Evidence for foreign visitors in the city |
58 |
| 1. In general |
58 |
| A The Journey to Jerusalem |
58 |
| B Accommodation in Jerusalem |
60 |
| 2. Visitors from a distance |
62 |
| A Gaul, etc. |
63 |
| B Rome |
63 |
| c Greece |
64 |
| D Cyprus |
64 |
| E Asia Minor |
65 |
| F Mesopotamia |
66 |
| G Parthia |
67 |
| H Syria |
68 |
| I Arabia |
68 |
| J Egypt |
69 |
| K Cyrene |
71 |
| L Ethiopia |
71 |
| 3. Visitors from within Palestine |
71 |
| B The unique character of Jerusalem |
73 |
| 1. The city’s geographical position |
73 |
| 2. Political and religious importance of the city |
73 |
| Excursus: The number of pilgrims at Passover |
77 |
| Additional Note on calculating the number of festival pilgrims |
84 |
| CONTENTS |
vii |
| B The wealthy class |
92 |
| 1, Extravagance |
92 |
| 2. Representatives of the wealthy class |
95 |
| V. The Middle Class |
100 |
| VI. The Poor |
109 |
| A Slaves and day labourers |
110 |
| B The subsidized sections of the population |
111 |
| VII Decisive Factors in Determining the Economic Circumstances of the People OF Jerusalem |
120 |
| A Economic and geographic situation of the city |
120 |
| 1. The cost of living in normal times |
120 |
| 2. The cost of living in times of emergency |
121 |
| B The political situation |
123 |
| 1. Taxation |
124 |
| 2. War and spoliation |
126 |
| c Religion and cultus |
126 |
| 1. Acts of charity |
126 |
| 2. Pilgrim traffic |
134 |
| 3. Income from the Cultus |
138 |
| Excursus I The historicity of Matthew 27.7 |
138 |
| Excursus II Disasters in Jerusalem |
140 |
| Part Three |
|
| SOCIAL STATUS |
|
| VIII The Clergy |
147 |
| A The high priest |
147 |
| B The chief priests and chief Levites |
160 |
| c The priestly aristocracy |
181 |
| Excursus The chronology of Maccabees |
182 |
| D The ‘ordinary’ priests |
198 |
| E The Levites |
207 |
| F The hereditary character of the priesthood |
213 |
| IX. The Lay Nobility |
222 |
| X The Scribes |
233 |
| XI The Pharisees |
246 |
| PART FOUR THE MAINTENANCE OF RACIAL PURITY |
|
| XII. The structure of the National Community |
271 |
| XIII. Israelites of Pure Ancestry |
275 |
| A Legitimacy of ancestry |
275 |
| B Historical value of lay genealogies |
284 |
| G Civil rights of full Israelites |
297 |
| Despised Trades AND Jewish Slaves A Despised trades |
303 |
| B Jewish slaves |
303 |
| Illegitimate Israelites |
312 |
| A Israelites with slight blemish |
317 |
| 1. Illegitimate descendants of priests |
317 |
| 2. Proselytes |
317 |
| 3. Freed Gentile slaves |
320 |
| B Israelites with grave blemish |
334 |
| 1. Bastards |
337 |
| 2. Temple slaves, fatherless, foundlings, eunuchs |
337 |
| XVI. Gentile Slaves |
342 |
| XVII. THE SAMARITANS |
352 |
| XVIII The Social Position of Women |
359 |
| List of High Priests |
377 |
| Jerusalem Scribes |
379 |
| Index of Names and Subjects |
381 |
| Index of References |
385 |
| Old Testament |
385 |
| New Testament |
388 |
| Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha |
392 |
| Qumran Writings |
392 |
| The Mishnah |
393 |
| The Tosephta |
396 |
| The Babylonian Talmud |
397 |
| The Jerusalem Talmud |
399 |
| The Extra-canonical Tractates |
400 |
| Midrash Rabbah |
400 |
| Josephus |
401 |
| Philo |
404 |