The Nicomachean Ethics

The Nicomachean Ethics
Tác giả:	Aristotle
Ký hiệu tác giả:	ARI
Dịch giả:	David Ross
DDC:	170 - Đạo đức học
Ngôn ngữ:	Anh
Số cuốn:	1

Hiện trạng các bản sách

Mã số:	258SB0003581
Nhà xuất bản:	Oxford University Press, Great Britain
Năm xuất bản:	1980
Khổ sách:	21
Số trang:	320
Kho sách:	Thư viện Sao Biển
Tình trạng:	Hiện có

INTRODUCTION			p. v
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE			p. xxiv
NOTE ON THE REVISION			p. xxv
	BOOK I. THE GOOD FOR MAN
Subject of our inquiry			p. 1
1. All human activities aim at some good: some goods subordinate to others.
2. The science of the good for man is politics.
Nature of the science			p. 2
3. We must not expect more precision than the subject-matter admits of.
The student should have reached years of discretion.
What is the good for man?			p. 4
4. It is generally agreed to be happiness, but there are various views as to
what happiness is. What is required at the start is an unreasoned conviction
about the facts, such as is produced by a good upbringing.
5. Discussion of the popular views that the good is pleasure, honour, wealth;
a fourth kind of life, that of contemplation, deferred for future discussion.
6. Discussion of the phikisiohical view that there is an Idea of good.
7. The good must be something final and self-sufficient. Definition of
happiness reached by considering the characteristic function of man.
8. Our definition is confirmed by current beliefs about happiness.
9. Is happiness acquired by learning of habituation, or sent by God or by
chance?
10. Should no man be called happy while he lives?
11. Do the fortunes of the living affect the dead?
12. Virtue is praiseworthy, but happiness is above praise.
Kinds of virtue			p. 24
13. Division of the faculties, and resultant division of virtue into intellectual
and moral.
	BOOK II. MORAL VIRTUE
Moral virtue, how produced, in what medium and in what manner exhibited			p. 28
1. It, like the arts, is acquired by repetition of the corresponding acts.
2. These acts cannot be prescribed exactly, but must avoid excess and
defect.
3. Pleasure in doing virtuous acts is a sign that the virtuous disposition has
been acquired: a variety of considerations show the essential connexion of
moral virtue with pleasure and pain.
4. The actions that produce moral virtue are not good in the same sense as
those that flow from it: the latter must fulfil certain conditions not necessary
in the case of the arts.
Definition of moral virtue			p. 35
5. Its genus: it is a state of character, not a passion, nor a faculty
6. Its differentia: it is a disposition to choose the mean.
7. This proposition illustrated by reference to the particular virtues.
Characteristics of the extreme and mean states: practical corollaries			p. 43
8. The extremes are opposed to each other and to the mean.
9. The mean is hard to attain, and is grasped by perception, not by reasoning.
		BOOK III. MORAL VIRTUE (cont.)
Inner side of moral virtue: conditions of responsibility for action			p. 48
1. Praise and blame attach to voluntary actions, i.e.actions done (1) not under
compulsion, and (2) with knowledge of the circumstances.
2. Moral virtue implies that the action is done (3) by choice: the object of choice
is the result of previous deliberation.
3. The nature of deliberation and its objects: choice is deliberate desire of things in
our own power.
4. The object of rational wish is the end, i.e. the good or the apparent good.
5. We are responsible for bad as well as for good actions.
Courage			p. 63
6. Courage concerned with the feelings of fear and confidence-strictly speaking,
with the fear of death in battle.
7. The motive od courage is the sense of honour : characteristics of the opposite
vices, cowardice and rashness.
8.Five kinds of courage improperly so called.
9. Relation of courage to pain and pleasure.
Temperance			p. 72
10. Temperance is limited to certain pleasures of touch.
11. Characteristics of temperance and its opposites, self-indulgence and 'insensibility'.
12. Self-indulgence more voluntary than cowardice : comparison of the self-indulgence man
to the spoilt child.
		BOOK IV. MORAL VIRTUE (cont.)
Virtues concerned with money			p. 79
1. Liberality.
2. Magnificence.
Virtues concerned with honour			p. 89
3. Pride.
4. The virtue intermediate between ambition and un-ambitiousness.
The virtue concerned with anger			p. 96
5. Good temper.
Virtues of social intercourse			p. 98
6. Friendliness.
7. Truthfulness.
8. Ready wit.
A quasi-virtue			p. 104
9. Shame.
		BOOK V. MORAL VIRTUE (cont.)
Justice: Its sphere and outer nature: in what sense it is a mean			p. 106
1. The just as the lawful (universal justice) and the just as the fair and equal
(particular justice) : the former considered.
2. The latter considered: divided into distributive and rectificatory justice.
3. Distributive justice, in accordance with geometrical proportion.
4. Rectificatory justice, in accordance with arithmetical progression.
5. Justice in exchange, reciprocity in accordance with proportion.
6. Political justice and analogous kinds of justice.
7. Natural and legal justice.
Justice: Its inner nature as involving choice			p. 125
8. The scale of degrees of wrongdoing.
9. Can a man be voluntarily treated unjustly? Is it the distributor or the recipient that is guilty
of injustice in distribution? Justice not so easy as it might seem, because it is not a way of
acting but an inner dis-position.
10. Equity, a corrective of legal justice.
11. Can a man treat himself unjustly?
		BOOK VI. INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE
Introduction			p. 137
1. Reasons for studying intellectual virtue : intellect divided into the contemplative and the
calculative.
2. The object of the former is truth, that of the latter truth corresponding with right desire.
The chief intellectual virtues			p. 140
3. Science-demonstrative knowledge of the necessary and eternal.
4. Art-knowledge of how to make things.
5. Practical wisdom-knowledge of how to secure the ends of humanlife.
6. Intuitive reason-knowledge of the principles from which science proceeds.
7. Philosophic wisdom-the union of intuitive reason and science.
8. Relations between practical wisdom and political science.
Minor intellectual virtues concerned with conduct			p. 149
9. Goodness in deliberation, how related to practical wisdom.
10. Understanding-the critical quality answering to the imperative quality practical wisdom.
11. Judgement-right discrimination of the equitable: the place of intuition in morals.
Relation of philosophic to practical wisdom			p. 154
12. What is the use of philosophic and of practical wisdom? Philosophic wisdom is the
formal cause of happiness; practical wisdom is what ensures the taking of proper means to
the proper ends desired by moral virtue.
13. Relation of practical wisdom to natural virtue, moral virtue, and the right rule.
		BOOK VII. CONTINENCE AND INCONTINENCE: PLEASURE
Continence and incontenence			p. 159
1. Six varieties of character : method of treatment: current opinions.
2. Contradictions involved in these opinions.
3. Solution of the problem, how the incontinent man's knowledge is impared.
4. Solution of the problem, what is the sphere of incontinence: its proper and its extended
sense distinguished.
5. Incontinence in its extended sense includes a brutish and a morbid form.
6. Incontinencein respect od anger is less disgraceful than incontinence proper.
7. Softness and endurance: two forms of incontinence-weakness and impetuosity.
8. Self-indulgence worse than incontinence.
9. Relation of continence to obstinacy, incontinence, 'insensibility', temperance.
10. Practical wisdom is not compatible with incontinence, but cleverness is.
Pleasure			p. 183
11. Three views hostile to pleasure, and the arguments for them.
12. Discussion of the view that pleasure is not a good.
13. Discussion of the view that pleasure is not the chief good.
14. Discussion of the view that most pleasures are bad, and of the tendency to identify bodily
pleasures with pleasure in general.
		BOOK VIII. FRIENDSHIP
Kinds of friendship			p. 192
1. Friendship both necessary and noble : main questions about it.
2. Three objects of love : implications of friendship.
3. Three corresponding kinds of friendship : superiority of friendship whose motive is the
good.
4. Contrast between the best and the inferior kinds.
5. The state of friendship distinguished from the activity of friendship and from the feeling of
friendliness.
6. Various relations between the three kinds.
Reciprocity of friendship			p. 203
7. In unequal friendships a proportion must be maintained.
8. Loving is more of the essence of friendship than being loved.
Relation of reciprocity in friendship to that involved in other forms of community			p. 207
9. Parallelism of friendship and justice: the state comprehends all lesser communities.
10. Classification of constitutions: analogies with family relations.
11. Corresponding forms of friendship, and of justice.
12. Various forms of friendship between relations.
Casuistry of friendship			p. 215
13. Principles to be observed (a)in friendship between equals.
14. Principles to be observed (b)in friendship between unequals.
		BOOK IX. FRIENDSHIP (cont.)	p. 220
1. Principles to be observed (c) where the motives on the two sides are different.
2. Conflict of obligations.
3. Occasions of breaking off friendship.
Internal nature of friendship			p. 227
4. Friendship is based on self-love.
5. Relation of friendship to goodwill.
6. Relation of friendship to unanimity.
7. The pleasure of beneficence.
8. The nature of true self-love.
The need of friendship			p. 238
9. Why does the happy man need friends?
10. The limit to the number of friends.
11. Are friends more needed in good or in bad fortune?
12. The essence of friendship is living together.
		BOOK X. PLEASURE, HAPPINESS
Pleasure			p. 248
1. Two opposed views about pleasure.
2. Discussion of the view that pleasure is the good.
3. Discussion of the view that pleasure is wholly bad.
4. Definition of pleasure.
5. Pleasures differ with the activities which thay accompany and complete: criterion of the
value of pleasures.
Happiness			p. 261
6. Happiness is good activity, not amusement.
7. Happiness in the highest sense is the contemplative life.
8. Superiority of the contemplative life further considered.
9. Legislation is needed if the end is to be attained : transition to Politics.
INDEX			p. 277

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