| PREFACE |
V |
| INTRODUCTION |
1 |
| Philosophical Anthropology and Psychology |
1 |
| Some Preliminary Metaphysical Concepts and Principles |
7 |
| Existence and Essence |
7 |
| Substantial Form and Prime Matter |
9 |
| The Degrees of Material Beings |
13 |
| Metaphysical Principles in Psychology |
14 |
| A Look at Scientific Psychology |
18 |
| 1/IN SEARCH OF THE SUBJECT |
23 |
| The Phenomenological Method |
23 |
| My Quasi-Objects |
24 |
| Can the Subject Be Known as Subject? |
27 |
| Looking for the Pure Subject |
30 |
| I, as Affirming and as Willing, Am the Pure Subject |
31 |
| A Few Objections |
34 |
| How the Pure I Is Known |
35 |
| 2/LIFE |
39 |
| The Concept of Life |
39 |
| The Nature of Life |
44 |
| The Two Levels of Causality |
51 |
| The Origin of Life |
55 |
| 3/EVOLUTION |
64 |
| A Few Scientific Data |
64 |
| That Evolution Has Occurred Is Admitted by All Scientists |
65 |
| There Is Disagreement about the Explanation of Evolution |
67 |
| The Evolution of Man |
70 |
| The Data of Paleontology |
72 |
| Teilhard de Chardin on Hominization |
76 |
| Philosophical Interpretation of the Data |
80 |
| 4/ANIMALS AND MAN |
86 |
| Animals Possess Consciousness |
86 |
| Tropisms Alone Cannot Explain Their Activities |
87 |
| Reflex Movements Alone Cannot Explain Their Activities |
88 |
| Animals Do Not Possess Reflection |
90 |
| Instincts in Animals |
91 |
| Learning in Animals |
96 |
| Conditioning |
98 |
| Trial and Error |
100 |
| Learning by Insight |
102 |
| Do Animals Use Symbols? |
105 |
| Interpretation of These Data |
109 |
| Co-Reflection and Man |
115 |
| Ultra-Reflection and Man |
119 |
| 5/THE SENSES |
125 |
| Introspective Psychology and Behaviorism |
130 |
| Cognitive Phenomena |
130 |
| Visual Sensations |
131 |
| Auditory Sensations |
133 |
| Smell and Taste |
134 |
| Cutaneous Sensations |
135 |
| Intra-Organic Sensations |
136 |
| Extrasensory Perception |
138 |
| Images and the Imagination |
139 |
| Memory |
143 |
| Affective Phenomena |
147 |
| Feelings |
147 |
| Emotions |
148 |
| Expression of the Emotions |
151 |
| Appetitive Phenomena |
154 |
| Inborn Sensory Drives of Man |
155 |
| Habits in Man |
158 |
| Gestalt Psychology |
161 |
| Perception of Space |
163 |
| Figure and Background |
166 |
| Phenomenal Constancy |
169 |
| Experimental Confirmation |
171 |
| Phi Movement and Synesthesia |
174 |
| Objections against Gestalt Psychology |
176 |
| Phenomenological Psychology |
178 |
| 6/THE MIND |
184 |
| Human Intelligence |
184 |
| What Is Human Intelligence? |
184 |
| How We Think |
186 |
| Quantitative Study of Intelligence |
190 |
| Data Derived from Intelligence Testing |
195 |
| The Human Will |
202 |
| Will Power and Will |
202 |
| What Is a Strong Will? |
203 |
| Methods for Developing Will Power |
204 |
| What Is Required for Efficient Motives? |
207 |
| The Higher Tendencies |
210 |
| Man's Higher Tendencies |
210 |
| Man's Intermediate Drives |
214 |
| 7/PERSONALITY |
217 |
| Personality and Its Components |
217 |
| Definition and Components of Personality |
217 |
| The Three Factors Which Mold Personality |
219 |
| Sheldon's Classification of Physiques |
223 |
| Sheldon's Classification of Temperaments |
227 |
| Psychoanalysis and Systems Derived from It |
229 |
| Psychoanalysis and the Doctrine of Freud |
230 |
| Psychopathology of Everyday Life |
230 |
| The Dream Theory |
233 |
| Psychosexual Development |
236 |
| Freud's Conception of Human Personality |
242 |
| Some Other Important Freudian Concepts |
245 |
| General Evaluation of Freud's System |
257 |
| Systems Derived from Psychoanalysis |
258 |
| The System of Alfred Adler |
258 |
| The System of Carl Gustav Jung |
262 |
| Systems Deriving Indirectly from Freud |
265 |
| Characterology and Experimental Study of Character |
267 |
| European Systems of Characterology |
268 |
| Heymans' Classification of Characters |
270 |
| Experimental Study of Character |
273 |
| Methods |
274 |
| Results |
276 |
| 8/KNOWLEDGE |
281 |
| Knowledge in General |
281 |
| What It Is |
281 |
| The A Priori in Knowledge |
287 |
| The "Impression" or the "Impact" |
293 |
| Different Kinds of Knowledge |
295 |
| Sense Knowledge |
297 |
| The Internal Senses |
301 |
| The Central Sense |
301 |
| The Estimative Power |
302 |
| The Cogitative Power |
303 |
| Memory |
305 |
| Knowledge of Other Persons |
308 |
| 9/STRIVING AND LOVE |
314 |
| Striving in General |
314 |
| Degrees in Striving |
316 |
| The Problem of Love |
318 |
| Sense Appetite |
326 |
| 10/THE HUMAN INTELLECT |
330 |
| Immateriality of the Intellect |
330 |
| Universality of Our Ideas |
331 |
| Necessity of Our Judgments |
333 |
| Objections Against the Foregoing Proofs |
334 |
| The Origin of Our Ideas |
343 |
| How the Intellect Operates |
347 |
| The Understanding and the Intellect |
349 |
| Universal Ideas as the Center of Human Knowledge |
351 |
| Knowledge of the Universal and of the Singular |
352 |
| Analogical Knowledge of Immaterial Realities |
353 |
| Our Intellect as a Dynamic Faculty |
356 |
| Knowledge of Metaphysical Principles |
359 |
| Judgment and Affirmation |
360 |
| 11/THE HUMAN WILL |
365 |
| Its Object and Nature |
365 |
| Man Possesses a Will |
369 |
| Freedom of the Will |
371 |
| Freedom and Determinism |
371 |
| Demonstration of the Freedom of the Will |
373 |
| Argument from Common Consent |
373 |
| Psychological Argument |
375 |
| Ethical Argument |
381 |
| Why the Human Will Is Free |
383 |
| The Different Steps in a Free Decision |
385 |
| The Practical Syllogism of the Will |
388 |
| The Dominant Inclination |
390 |
| Free Will and Liberty |
396 |
| Three Kinds of Free Acts |
399 |
| Horizontal and Vertical Freedom |
400 |
| Interaction between Intellect and Will |
403 |
| Note on Determinism |
406 |
| 12/SOUL AND BODY |
410 |
| The Soul as Subsistent, Simple and Immaterial |
410 |
| The Immortality of the Human Soul |
415 |
| Answer to Objections |
420 |
| Relation between Body and Soul |
424 |
| Interactionism |
425 |
| Psychophysical Parallelism |
425 |
| Panpsychism |
426 |
| Actualism, Phenomenism |
427 |
| Agnosticism |
428 |
| Hylomorphism |
431 |
| Objections |
434 |
| The Soul after Death |
437 |
| How and When the Human Soul Originates |
440 |
| 13/MAN AS A PERSON |
446 |
| Traditional Philosophy of Man as a Person |
446 |
| Man as an Individual |
446 |
| Man as Possessing a Spiritual Nature |
448 |
| Modern Philosophy about Man as a Person |
453 |
| Man-in-the-World |
453 |
| Man as Embodied |
455 |
| The Paradoxes of the Human Person |
460 |
| Conclusion |
463 |
| APPENDIX |
464 |
| Evolution and Theology |
464 |
| Christology and Anthropology |
471 |
| GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY |
478 |
| PAPERBACKS |
485 |
| INDEX |
489 |
Tác giả: Alan Watts
Tác giả: P. Emonet, OP
Tác giả: Alan Watts
Tác giả: Corazon L. Cruz
Tác giả: Thomas Hobbes
Tác giả: Mary Midgley
Tác giả: Michael Gelven