| Preface |
9 |
| 1. Introduction: The Roman World |
11 |
| 1. The Roman Empire |
11 |
| 2. Imperial Organization |
13 |
| 3. Paganism and Christianity |
17 |
| 4. Church and State |
24 |
| 5. Constantine the Great |
27 |
| 6. Chronology |
31 |
| 7. Select Bibliography |
31 |
| 2. Council of Nicaea I, 325 |
33 |
| 1. TheTrinitarian Problem and Proposed Solution before Nicaea |
33 |
| 2. Arius and the Beginnings of Controversy |
51 |
| 3. The Events of the Council of Nicaea |
56 |
| 4. The Significance of the Council of Nicaea |
69 |
| 5. Aftermath |
75 |
| 6. Chronology |
77 |
| 7. Select Bibliography |
79 |
| 3. Council of Constantnople I, 381 |
81 |
| 1. Esuebians vs. Nicenes to the Death of Emperor Constants |
81 |
| 2. Athanasius vs Constantius |
91 |
| 3. Time Out: Pagan Revival under Julian |
100 |
| 4. Two New Battles |
103 |
| 5. Basil vs. Valens |
108 |
| 6. Nicaea Triumphs |
115 |
| 7. Unecumenical Council of Constantinople |
119 |
| 8. Aftermath |
129 |
| 9. Chronology |
131 |
| 10. Select Bibliography |
132 |
| 4. Council of Ephesus, 431 |
134 |
| 1. The Late Empire |
134 |
| 2. Ecclesiastical Rivalries |
136 |
| 3. Theological Controversy |
140 |
| 4. The Divided Council |
153 |
| 5.The Formula of Union |
160 |
| 6. Grounds for a New Quarrel |
164 |
| 7. Chronology |
167 |
| 8. Select Bibliography |
169 |
| 5. Council of Chalacedon, 451 |
170 |
| 1. The Monk Eutyches |
170 |
| 2. The Robber Council of Ephesus |
176 |
| 3. The Council of Chalcedon |
180 |
| 4. The Response of The West |
192 |
| 5. Aftermath in the East |
194 |
| 6. Chronology |
204 |
| 7. Select Bibliography |
206 |
| 6. Council of Constantinople II, 553 |
207 |
| 1. Development of Mônphysitism |
207 |
| 2. Orthodox Reaction under Justin I |
220 |
| 3. Emperor Justinian I |
225 |
| 4. Council of Constantinople II |
240 |
| 5. Aftermath |
247 |
| 6. Chronology |
253 |
| 7. Select Bibliography |
256 |
| 7. Council of Constantinople III, 680 |
258 |
| 1. Reign of Heraclius (610-641) |
258 |
| 2. Religious Controversy |
260 |
| 3. Muslim Invasion |
268 |
| 4. Western Response |
271 |
| 5. Council of Constantiople, III |
279 |
| 6. Aftermath |
284 |
| 7. Chronology |
288 |
| 8. Select Bibliography |
289 |
| 8. Council of Nicaea II, 787 |
290 |
| 1. Beginnings of Iconoclasm |
290 |
| 2. Iconoclasm of Leo III |
296 |
| 3. Constantine V and Council of Hieria |
300 |
| 4. Aftermath |
305 |
| 5. The Council of Nicaea II |
308 |
| 6. Reaction of of the West |
311 |
| 7. Aftermath in the East |
314 |
| 8. Chronology |
320 |
| 9. Select Bibliography |
321 |
| 9. Epilogue |
323 |
| Glossary of Theological Terms |
326 |
| Index |
331 |
