| List of Abbreviations |
|
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| ITRODUCTION |
7 |
| 1. In the footstep of Ecclesia in Asia |
7 |
| 2. Principles |
9 |
| 3. Motivations |
9 |
| 4. Objectives |
10 |
| Chapter 1 |
|
| 1. PATRISTIC AND BYZANTINE PERIOD: ORIENTAL CHURCHES 25 |
|
| 1.1 Jerusalem |
25 |
| 1.2 Antioch of Syria and the Churches of Syriac Tradition |
28 |
| 1.2.1 The Syrian Orthodox Church of the West (Monophysite) |
29 |
| 1.2.2 The Syriac Catholic Church |
31 |
| 1.2.3 The Maronite Church |
31 |
| 1.2.4. The Assyrian Apostolic Church of the East (Nestorian) |
32 |
| 1.2.5 Seleucia - Ctesiphon |
33 |
| 1.2.6 The Chaldean Catholic Church |
34 |
| 1.3 Armenia |
34 |
| 1.3.1 Armenian Orthodox Church (Monophysite) |
34 |
| 1.3.2 The Armenian Catholic Church |
35 |
| 1.4 India |
36 |
| 1.4.1 Syro-Malabar Catholic Church |
37 |
| 1.4.2 Syro-Malankar Catholic Church |
38 |
| Appendix |
39 |
| Chapter 2 |
|
| 2. MUSLIM PERIOD: ISLAM EXPANSION AND CHRISTIANITY 41 |
|
| 2.1 Context (622-1258) |
41 |
| 2.2 Crusades |
42 |
| 2.2.1 Conclusion |
44 |
| 2.3 Christianity in China: Nestorianism |
45 |
| Chapter 3 |
|
| 3. MONGOL PERIOD (1206-1368) |
47 |
| 3.1 Context |
47 |
| 3.2 Franciscans in the Mongol Empire |
48 |
| 3.2.1 John of Plano Carpini (1180-1252) |
48 |
| 3.2.2 John of Monte Corvino (1247-1328) |
49 |
| 3.3 Conclusion |
50 |
| Chapter 4 |
|
| 4. PERIOD OF DISCOVERING: NEW ASIAN ROUTES |
51 |
| 4.1 Context |
51 |
| 4.1.1 The Turks |
51 |
| 4.1.2 Other Countries |
52 |
| 4.2 West Europe: The "Padroado" of Portugal and spain |
53 |
| 4.2.1 Portugal |
53 |
| 4.2.2 Spain |
54 |
| 4.2.3 Main documents and events regarding Portugal and Spain |
56 |
| Summary |
57 |
| 4.2.4 Goa: the first archbishopric of the Patronage |
57 |
| 4.2.5 The Councils of Goa |
58 |
| 4.2.6 Religious Orders under Portuguese Patronage in Goa |
60 |
| 4.2.6.1 Franciscans |
60 |
| 4.2.6.2 Dominicans |
60 |
| 4.2.6.3 Jesuits |
61 |
| 4.2.6.4 Augustinians (OSA) and Other Orders |
61 |
| 4.2.7 Other Bishoprics of the Portuguese Patronage |
62 |
| 4.2.7.1 Cochin |
62 |
| 4.2.7.2 Malacca |
62 |
| 4.2.7.3 Moluccas |
63 |
| 4.2.7.4 Macau |
63 |
| 4.2.8 Salient Missionnaires Under Patronage: Francis Xavier, |
|
| Roberto De Nobili, Matteo Ricci |
64 |
| 4.2.8.1 Francis Xavier |
64 |
| 4.2.8.2 Roberto De Nobili |
66 |
| 4.2.8.3 Matteo Ricci |
69 |
| 4.2.9 Japan |
70 |
| 4.2.10 The Philippines |
77 |
| 4.3. Centralization of Missions |
81 |
| 4.3.1 Propaganda Fide in Asia |
81 |
| 4.3.2 Vietnam and Alexander de Rhodes |
82 |
| 4.3.3 The Chinese Rites controversy |
88 |
| 4.3.3.1 Introduction |
88 |
| 4.3.3.2 The position of Fr. Ricci |
|
| 4.3.3.3 The age of controversy |
88 |
| 4.3.4 Paris Foreign Missions Society |
88 |
| 4.4 Summary |
101 |
| Appendix |
104 |
| Chapter 5 |
|
| 5. WESTERN EMPIRES PERIOD - ASIAN COLONIAL CHRISTENDOM AND ITS CONFUCTS |
|
| 5.1 Context |
105 |
| 5.1.1 Netherlands |
105 |
| 5.1.2 England and the British Empire |
107 |
| 5.1.2.1 East India Company and British Empire |
109 |
| 5.1.2.2 British policy in Religion |
111 |
| 5.1.3 France |
112 |
| 5.1.3.1 First French Colonial Empire |
113 |
| 5.1.3.2 Second French Colonial Empire |
113 |
| 5.1.4 Other Western Nations |
114 |
| 5.1.5 Asian Nations |
116 |
| 5.1.5.1 India |
116 |
| Appendix |
118 |
| 5.1.5.2 China |
119 |
| 5.1.5.3 Japan |
122 |
| 5.1.5.4 Korea |
124 |
| 5.1.5.5 Vietnam |
125 |
| 5.1.5.6 The Philippines |
128 |
| 5.1.5.7 Indonesia |
133 |
| 5.1.5.8 Sri Lanka (Ceylon) |
134 |
| 5.1.5.9 East Timor |
135 |
| 5.1.5.10 Thailand |
137 |
| 5.1.5.11 Malaysia |
140 |
| 5.1.5.12 Brunei - Borneo |
142 |
| 5.1.5.13 Afghanistan |
144 |
| 5.1.5.14 Pakistan |
145 |
| 5.1.5.15 Myanmar (Burma) |
147 |
| 5.2 New Missionaries in Asia |
150 |
| 5.2.1 Congregations |
150 |
| 5.2.1.1 Lazarists (CM) |
150 |
| 5.2.1.2 Scheut Fathers (Cicm) |
153 |
| 5.2.1.3 Society of the Divine Word (SVD) |
154 |
| 5.2.1.4 Mill Hill Missionaries (MHM) |
158 |
| 5.2.1.5 Catholic Foreing Mission Society Of America - |
|
| Maryknoll (MM) |
158 |
| 5.2.1.6 The Society of St. Columban (SSC) |
160 |
| 5.2.1.7 Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB) |
161 |
| 5.2.1.8 Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI) |
162 |
| 5.2.1.9 Other Congregations |
163 |
| 5.2.2 Monastic Orders |
164 |
| 5.2.2.1 Benedictines |
164 |
| 5.2.2.2 Cistercians |
166 |
| 5.2.2.3 Carmelites |
168 |
| 5.2.3 The female Congregations |
170 |
| 5.2.3.1 Daughters of Charity |
170 |
| 5.2.3.1 Franciscan Missionaries of Mary (FMM) |
1 *71 |
| 5.2.3.2 Lovers of the Cross |
173 |
| 5.2.3.3 Religious of the Good Shepherd |
174 |
| 5.2.3.4 Sisters of the Charity of Saint Paul of Chartres |
174 |
| 5.2.1 The Religious Orders |
175 |
| 5.2.4.1 The Jesuits |
175 |
| 5.2.4.2 Mendicant Orders |
176 |
| 5.2.4.3 Recently arrived Orders: Camillians and Piarists 178 |
|
| 5.2 The Holy See and the Churches of Asia (1800-1950) |
180 |
| 5.3.1 Pius VII (1800-1823) |
180 |
| 5.3.2 Gregory XVI (1831-1846) |
181 |
| 5.3.3 Blessed Pius IX (1846-1878) |
184 |
| 5.3.4 The First Vatican Council and the Missions (1869-1870) |
186 |
| 5.3.5 Leo XIII (1878-1903) |
188 |
| 5.3.6 Saint Pius X (1903-1914) |
188 |
| 5.3.7 Benedict XV (1914-1922) |
189 |
| Appendix |
|
| I World War, also called Great War (1914-1918) |
190 |
| 5.3.8 Pius XI (1922-1939) |
192 |
| 5.3.9 Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions (PIME) |
194 |
| 5.3.10 Conclusion |
195 |
| Appendix |
|
| The Establishment of the Local Hierarchy In Asia |
196 |
| Chapter 6 |
|
| 6. THE ASIAN CHURCHES AFTER II WORLD WAR AND VATICAN II |
|
| 6.1 Context |
197 |
| 6.1.1 1939-1945 - The II World War and the Pacific War - |
|
| The United Nations |
197 |
| 6.1.1.1 The Catholic Church and the II World War |
199 |
| 6.1.2 Civil Context after II World War: the Cold War and the End |
|
| of Colonialism |
199 |
| 6.1.2.1 United States of America |
200 |
| 6.1.2.2 France |
202 |
| 6.1.2.3 United Kingdom |
202 |
| 6.1.2.4URSS |
202 |
| 6.1.2.5 Other Nations |
203 |
| 6.1.2.6 State of Israel |
204 |
| 6.1.2.7 India |
205 |
| 6.1 2,8 China |
205 |
| 6.1.2.9 Korea |
206 |
| 6.1.2.10 Vietnam |
208 |
| 6.1.2.11 Indonesia |
209 |
| 6.1.2.12 Philippines |
210 |
| 6.1.3 Political-cultural panorama |
211 |
| 6.1.4 Ecclesiastical Context |
212 |
| 6.2 The Pontificate |
213 |
| 6.2.1 Pius XII |
213 |
| 6.2.1.1 Pius XII and China |
214 |
| 6.2.2 John XXIII |
219 |
| 6.2.2.1 Pontificate |
219 |
| 6.2.2.2 Magisterium |
219 |
| 6.2.2.3 Character |
220 |
| 6.2.2.4 Council Vatican II |
220 |
| 6.2.2.5 John XXIII and China |
222 |
| 6.2.3 Paul VI (1963-1978) |
225 |
| 6.2.3.1 Paul VI and Asian Church Journeys - Holy Land |
228 |
| 6.2.3.2 Paul VI and Asian Church Journeys - India |
230 |
| 6.2.3.3 Paul VI and Asian Church Journeys - Turkey |
233 |
| 6.2.3.4 Paul VI and Asian Church Journeys - Pilgrimage to |
|
| East Asia, Oceania and Australia |
|
| (25 November-5 December 1970) |
234 |
| 6.2.4 John Paul I (August 26, 1978-Sept. 28, 1978) |
246 |
| 6.2.5 John Paul II (1978-2005) |
246 |
| 6.2.5.1 Background |
246 |
| 6.2.5.2 Teachings |
246 |
| 6.2.5.3 New Evangelization and pontifical journeys |
248 |
| 6.2.5.4 Jubilee of the Incarnation |
251 |
| 6.3 Conclusion |
253 |
| TEXTS |
|
| 1. Eusebius of Caesarea, Bishops of Jerusalem |
255 |
| 2. Cyril of Jerusalem, Letter to Constantius |
256 |
| 3. Qur'an, About Jews and Christians |
257 |
| 4. William of Tyre, Crusades - Foundation of the Order of Knights Templar 258 |
|
| 5. Nestorian Tablet |
259 |
| 6. John of Monte Corvino, Report from China 1305 |
261 |
| 7. Vasco De Gama, Round Africa to India 1498 |
263 |
| 8. Saint Francis Xavier, Letter on the Missions, to St. Ignatius |
|
| de Loyola, 1549 |
264 |
| 9. Matteo Ricci: Father Ricci debates with a Minister of the idols 266 |
|
| 10. Alexander De Rhodes |
267 |
| 11. Basilio Sancho, Archbishop of Manila, Letter |
269 |
| 12. Arnold Janssen SVD, Letter |
270 |
| 13. Vincent Lebbe, Report |
272 |
| 14. Pius XI, Encyclical Rerum Ecclesiae (1926) |
276 |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY |
279 |
| INDEX OF NAMES |
295 |
| INDEX OF PLACE |
303 |
